利用线性混合模型和哑变量模型方法建立贵州省通用性生物量方程

以贵州省人工杉木和马尾松地上生物量数据为例,通过利用线性混合模型和哑变量模型方法,建立了适合不同树种和区域(中心区和一般区)的通用性立木生物量方程,为简化生物量建模工作提供了有效途径。结果表明,相同直径林木的地上生物量估计值随树种、区域的不同存在一定程度的差异,带随机参数的线性混合模型和带特定参数的哑变量模型比总体平均模型的精度高;线性混合模型和哑变量模型方法均同等有效,可推广应用于其它通用性模型(如材积方程)的建立。     

B-SPLINE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD IN GENERAL 2-D FIELD REGIONS

A B-spline finite etement method for solving general 2-D electromagnetic field problems is established. The B-spline bases for a general field region are constructed using the Bspline interpolation functions defined on a rectangle which contains the region. The Dirichlet boundary condition is dealt with by means of the generalized variational principle. Two numerical examples are given that show the characteristics and practical value of the method.     

Complex Correlation System Control Based on Human Simulation Intelligence

Because there are lots of difficulties in mathematic modeling for uncertainty complex object, so it is not suitable to utilize traditional methods in some aspect such as identification, analysis, synthetical design and implementation. Especially, for the idea of system modeling, it is very different in comparison with traditional mathematic modeling, therefore, it is very difficult to study control problem for uncertainty system in technology and theory. On the basis of summarizing characteristics of uncertainty complex object, present to establish generalized control model, and apply intelligent control strategy to implement control effectively. In addition, authors also studied control algorithm and system structure. Engineering practice shows that it is effective and successful to establish generalized control model, and select intelligent control strategy for uncertainty control system.     

Genetic and environmental variability in wheat characteristics reported to be involved in morphological resistance to wheat stem rust

Summary Four morphological characteristics of wheat peduncles were evaluated for genetic and environmental variability. The thickness of the epidermis and the amount and distribution of chlorenchyma tissue in the peduncle were measured. The genetic variability was estimated to be large, whereas the environmental variability was small. It was also concluded that cultivars could be screened for morphological characteristics of the peduncle that contributed to non-specific resistance to stem rust with a minimum sample size of about 10 plants per replication from a single location.Paper No 9328, Scientific Journal Series, Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station. University of Minnesota. St. Paul. MN 55108.     

贵州省人工马尾松立木材积和地上生物量方程研建

以贵州省人工马尾松样木的立木材积和地上生物量数据为基础,建立省级总体平均模型和以区域作为特定参数的哑变量模型及线性混合模型,并对中心区和一般区2类区域性模型与省级总体平均模型之间的差异进行对比分析和预估效果检验。结果表明:对立木材积和地上生物量估计而言,区域特定的模型与总体平均模型之间以及哑变量模型和线性混合模型之间并没有显著差异。本文所建模型为贵州省马尾松人工林的蓄积量和生物量监测评估提供计量依据,所用方法为建立其他含特定参数的通用性模型提供可行途径。     

Threshold change in forest understory vegetation as a result of selective fuelwood extraction in Nairobi, Kenya

We examined whether heavy fuelwood collection can cause threshold change in understory forest community and evaluated how selective wood extraction might lead to delayed forest recovery in an urban forest of Nairobi, Kenya. Piecewise regression which represents strongest support for threshold change provided the best fit for the relationships between understory floristic composition (i.e. DCA axis 1) and human disturbance gradients (i.e. canopy cover, and distance from the slum), where threshold changes were detected at c.a. 350 m from the slum and c.a. 30% canopy cover. Only one tree species significantly indicated communities beyond the threshold while an aggressive invasive alien plant (IAP) Lantana camara was strongly represented. Total species diversity along the two human disturbance gradients peaked before the threshold was reached, suggesting that decline in species diversity along the prevailing disturbance gradient might be able to forecast threshold change. Tree species richness in the understory rapidly declined as the threshold was surpassed while other growth forms (i.e. shrubs, herbs and climbers) were relatively unaffected. The effect of selective tree cutting was indirectly impacting the forest understory as species richness pattern of preferred and non-preferred species paralleled that of trees and shrubs, respectively. Thickets of L. camara can negatively affect indigenous flora and its establishment was favored under selective fuelwood extraction removing certain tree species while leaving the IAP untouched. Shading can readily eliminate the IAP, but weak tree regeneration beyond the threshold suggested forest recovery might be delayed for longer than expected because of the interaction between selective fuelwood use and the IAP.     

全球化粮农危机与中国大农业草产业系统工程

本研究论述了世界粮食危机现状和主要成因.分析了中国粮农生产现状、潜在危机和未来发展的两种走向对世界产生的不同影响.提出了未来中国农业应走创新发展之路,即实施大农业草产业系统工程,阐述了它的科学理论与创新意义,提出了当前保障中国粮食安全的草业核心技术,并预测了中国走农业创新发展之路对缓解世界粮食危机可起到的积极意义.     

Influence of oceanographic conditions on abundance and distribution of post‐larval and juvenile carangid fishes in the northern Gulf of Mexico

Relationships between abundance of post‐larval and juvenile carangid (jacks) fishes and physical oceanographic conditions were examined in the northern Gulf of Mexico (GoM) in 2011 with high freshwater input from the Mississippi River. Generalized additive models (GAMs) were used to explore complex relationships between carangid abundance and physical oceanographic data of sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) and salinity. The five most abundant carangid species collected were: Selene setapinnis (34%); Caranx crysos (30%); Caranx hippos (10%); Chloroscombrus chrysurus (9%) and Trachurus lathami (8%). Post‐larval carangids (median standard length [SL] = 10 mm) were less abundant during the spring and early summer, but more abundant during the late summer and fall, suggesting summer to fall spawning for most species. Juvenile carangid (median SL = 23 mm) abundance also increased between the mid‐summer and early fall. Most species showed increased abundance at lower salinities and higher temperatures, suggesting entrainment of post‐larval fishes or feeding aggregations of juveniles at frontal convergence zones between the expansive river plume and dynamic mesoscale eddy water masses. However, responses were species‐ and life‐stage specific, which may indicate fine‐scale habitat partitioning between species. Ordination methods also revealed higher carangid abundances at lower salinities for both post‐larval and juvenile life stages, with species‐ and life‐stage specific responses to SST and SSHA, further suggesting habitat separation between species. Results indicate strong links between physical oceanographic features and carangid distributions in the dynamic northern GoM.     

Variability of larval Baltic sprat (Sprattus sprattus L.) otolith growth: a modeling approach combining spatially and temporally resolved biotic and abiotic environmental key variables

Plankton sampling was conducted in the Baltic to obtain sprat larvae. Their individual drift patterns were back‐calculated using a hydrodynamic model. The modelled positions along the individual drift trajectories were subsequently used to provide insight into the environmental conditions experienced by the larvae. Autocorrelation analysis revealed that successive otolith increment widths of individual larvae were not independent. Otolith increment width was then modelled using two different generalized additive model (GAM) analyses (with and without autocorrelation), using environmental variables determined for each modelled individual larval position as explanatory variables. The results indicate that otolith growth was not only influenced by the density of potential prey but was controlled by a number of simultaneously acting environmental factors. The final model, not considering autocorrelation, explained more than 80% of the variance of otolith growth, with larval age as a factor variable showing the strongest significant impact on otolith growth. Otolith growth was further explained by statistically significant ambient environmental factors such as temperature, bottom depth, prey density and turbulence. The GAM analysis, taking autocorrelation into account, explained almost 98% of the variability, with the previous otolith increment showing the strongest significant effect. Larval age as well as ambient temperature and prey abundance also had a significant effect. An alternative approach applied individual‐based model (IBM) simulations on larval drift, feeding, growth and survival starting as exogenously feeding larvae at the back‐calculated positions. The IBM results revealed optimal growth conditions for more than 97% of the larvae, with a tendency for our IBM to slightly overestimate larval growth.     

Heisenberg型群上的广义Picone恒等式及其应用

利用Heisenberg型群上p-退化椭圆算子的广义Picone恒等式给出了Hardy不等式、 Sturmiam比较原理、 Liouville型定理和主特征值的单调性结论.讨论了具有奇异项的拟线性方程的弱解问题.